History of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Essay Example for Free

History of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Essay The assignment was to select a significant event in the development of psychological testing, such as the Chinese use of essay exams for civil service selection, the use of alpha and beta testing in World War I, Wundt’s laboratory, or the development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This paper will discuss the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); explain its significance and how it has affected the development of psychological testing in the 21st century. Significance The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was published in 1940 and the second revised version was published in 1989 (MMPI-2). It is used to measure adult psychopathology and is the most commonly used measurement in the world (Drayton, 2009). The test was developed with a set of answers that healthy adults would answer and then provides indirect questions as to prevent individuals from being able to skew their answers to get a more favorable result. This allows clinicians to have an objective measure rather than basing a diagnosis off of their minimal assumptions. The test (MMPI-2) is a self-report measure of a person’s psychological state and includes 567 items of true/false questions. According to Drayton (2009), â€Å"It has nine validity scales (or ‘lie’ scales), assessing for lying, defensiveness, faking good and faking bad and among others. These scales make it very difficult to fake the MMPI-2 results. The measure has many clinical scales assessing mental health problems (i.e. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), personality characteristics (i.e. psychopathy) and general personality traits such as anger, somatization, hypochondriasis, ‘type A behavior’ addiction potential, poor ego strength and many others† (p. 135). The MMPI-2 can be used to assess major social and personal maladjustment, identify potential applicants for high-risk public safety positions as well as give the ability to support a clinician’s expert testimony. It can also assess clients in substance abuse programs and assist in selecting the most beneficial treatment methodology. With rising divorce rates, this assessment can provide valuable insight for marriage and family counseling. Lastly, this test has affected the college and career counseling sector by providing support for recommendations (Ben-Porath Tellegen, 2008) Conclusion This paper discussed the brief history of the MMPI and the MMPI-2, what it measures and what is included in the assessment as well as the significance it has in modern culture. Included was the intended use of the assessment, the basic principles that the test contains as well as the vast modern use of the MMPI-2.

The Charge of the Light Brigade :: Free Essays

The Charge of the Light Brigade October 1854, the attention of the world's most powerful empire was fixed on the territories of modern-day Ukraine. It was by no means a benevolent gaze the British Empire cast eastward. For it was the Crimean War, and at Balaclava, Britain took a beating which has been immortalized in Lord Alfred Tennyson's poem, The Charge of the Light Brigade. Half a league, half a league, half a league onward - repetition is used. There is a sense of movement distance and rhythm. All in the valley of Death rode the six hundred - valley of death is a metaphorical language. 600 hundred becomes important later on. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: - this is direct speech, very adventurous. Into the valley of Death rode the six hundred - slowly building up, repetition. "Forward, the Light Brigade! " - more repetition Was there a man dismayed? - Was there a man not looking into it, all doing there duty, sense of doubt. Their's not to make reply, Their's not to reason why, Their's but to do and die: - rhythm, only concentrating on the duty. Don't reason why just do it. Into the valley of Death rode the six hundred - repetition Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd; - sense of awareness, repetition, surroundings, danger and movement, sound and excitement. Into the jaws of Death, into the mouth of hell - jaws of death is a metaphor. Speaking as if they're going into a mouth, nearly there. Excitement but much danger. Sense of hesitation. Rode the six hundred - repetition Flash'd all their sabres bare, Flash'd as they turn'd in air, - the waving of their swords. Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army, while all the world wonder'd: - the waving of their swords. Fighting against guns. 'ALL the world wondered', how honourable.

Both the Adventure Essay

Both the Adventure of the Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter share some characteristics of murder mysteries. Which story is the most typical one? Which story is most successful in creating suspense? Attracting readers of all ages for hundreds of years, it is evident through these two stories that the murder mystery genre has evolved from a more stereotypical â€Å"whodunit† structure, however still continuing to enthral its reader by creating a sense of the unexpected, and engaging them in anxiety through the effective use of language and characters. The Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter share characteristics of murder mysteries and demonstrate the significant difference, which has changed the typical structure through the years. The Speckled Band written in the Victorian times (1882) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle during the reign of Queen Victoria, features one of the finest ever adventures of the legendary detective Sherlock Holmes whereas on the other hand Lamb to the Slaughter demonstrates a less predictable or typical â€Å"whodunit† structure written in the 1950’s by Roald Dahl. Those essential elements of a murder mystery are witnessed in both stories including the detectives, villains, motives, atmosphere, and the narration allowing the reader a more direct participation. The Speckled Band looks at how a tragic death has left Helen Stoner, who lives in Stoke Moran with her stepfather, extremely frightened. Helen’s sister Julia died in mysterious circumstances just prior to her marriage, and Julia had spoken to Helen about a low whistling sound she had heard in the night just before she died, and she said something to Helen about a Speckled Band she had seen. Helen goes to visit Sherlock Holmes and she reveals that an agreement was made, whereby all her mother’s money would go to Dr Roylott (her stepfather), ‘with a provision that a certain annual sum should be allowed for each of us in the event of our marriage’. After investigation, Holmes later finds out that each sister would get i 250, which at the time was a great deal of money. The reader sees a clear motive for the murder of Julia Stoner, as she was about to inherit a huge sum of money, which her stepfather would have to give. The reader is lead to believe that because Dr Roylott would have to give a large sum of money to both the girls this may be his motive for murdering Helen prior to her marriage. Helen also therefore appears to be in danger building the suspense from early in the plot. The story then goes on to look at the typical detective manner of Sherlock Holmes, who uncovers the truth behind the unexpected death of Julia Stoner, always accompanied by his friend Dr Watson from whom the adventure is seen through, allowing the reader an immediate involvement in the mystery and a force to believe Dr Watson. Holmes and Watson work on various clues with the help of Helen to find out that it was a snake let out by Dr Roylott that killed Julia. Sir Conan Doyle wrote detective fiction in the Speckled Band for a reader who would appreciate the traditional structure, adapting from a more serious, realistic Victorian lifestyle where the doctors were of a higher society. The story gives the reader a hint or motive for murder in the very beginning whereas on the other hand Lamb to the Slaughter, holds back a lot of information and tricks the reader, giving a more unexpected approach and a less typical one such as the Speckled Band. The audience had a different liking and therefore The Speckled Band was more popular compared to a more varied approach, which is popular with the modern audience. The Speckled Band is written looking at the Victorian lifestyle therefore looking at the traditional views. This reflects the story’s structure as it is set in an old mansion in mysterious surroundings, which was a traditional setting. Sir Conan Doyle’s story revolves around the character of the detective, Sherlock Holmes, which is a preferred technique of mystery novelists, probably because it leaves a place for sequel. The story, though centred on Holmes, is told as seen through the eyes of his companion, Dr Watson, providing a good example of writing in the first person. The Speckled Band was published in a magazine called the Strand magazine, which gave short chapters every week, therefore always leaving the reader in suspense, guessing until the next chapter was published. There are many things that tell us that this story was written in the late 19th century, for example Helen Stoner arrived by â€Å"dog-cart†. Miss Stoner is dressed in all black and wearing a veil, possibly suggesting that she is in mourning which was common at the time when someone close to you died. In the Victorian times middle class women were very dependent on their husband and were therefore without very much independence. We know this because Holmes says â€Å"when young ladies wander about the metropolis at this hour of the morning, and knock sleepy people up out of their beds, I presume that it is something very pressing which they have to communicate†, suggesting that the woman wouldn’t come at this time for no reason. It also suggests that for this reason he is interested in why this woman is here therefore first calling Dr Watson to meet her too. In contrast, Lamb to the Slaughter is probably set in a house in an American suburb. The story gives the first image of a devoted housewife who has an understandable love for her house. Everything is done, as if to perfection as Dahl presents her surroundings as clean, comfortable and peaceful. â€Å"The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight-hers and the one by the empty chair opposite. † This suggests that she has made sure everything is prepared for her husband’s arrival as she has even lit the table lamp beside the empty chair. The story is seen from Mary’s perspective however it is written in a third person narration (omniscient narrator); this allows the reader to picture the story from her perspective and gets a greater depth into her character. This is not very typical of the murder mystery genre as usually the story is seen through the detective, victim or from another perspective but it is not common to be from the murderer’s view. Dahl has used a very untypical narration, which works very well to see a character in depth. This also makes the reader sympathise for Mary, as the narrator seems to do. Secondly Dahl describes Mary as a pregnant woman with soft, loveable features and a skin that has â€Å"a wonderful translucent quality†. This makes the reader now care for Mary and makes her a perfect victim being weak and a woman. It appears that Mary waits patiently every day for her husband to arrive from work and is overjoyed at his arrival.

Adaptive Reuse New Ways for Old Buildings

Adaptive reuse, or adaptive re-use architecture, is the process of repurposing buildings that have outlived their original purposes for different uses or functions while at the same time retaining their historic features. An increasing number of examples can be found around the world. A closed school may be converted into condominiums. An old factory may become a museum. A historic electric building can become apartments. A rundown church finds new life as a restaurant, or a restaurant may become a church! Sometimes called property rehabilitation, turnaround, or historic redevelopment, the common element no matter what you call it is how the building is used. Adaptive Reuse Basics Adaptive Reuse is a way to save a neglected building that might otherwise be demolished. The practice can also benefit the environment by conserving natural resources and minimizing the need for new materials. Adaptive reuse is a process that changes a disused or ineffective item into a new item that can be used for a different purpose. Sometimes, nothing changes but the items use. -Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and the great commercial building boom of the 20th century created an abundance of large, masonry buildings. From sprawling brick factories to elegant stone skyscrapers, this commercial architecture had definitive purposes for their time and place. As society continued to change—from the decline of the railroads after the 1950s interstate highway system to the way business is conducted with the 1990s expansion of the Internet—these buildings were left behind. In the 1960s and 1970s, many of these old buildings were simply torn down. Architects like Philip Johnson and citizens like Jane Jacobs became activists for preservation when buildings like the old Penn Station—a 1901 Beaux-Arts building designed by  McKim, Mead, and White in New York City—was demolished in 1964. The movement to codify the preservation of architecture, legally protecting historic structures, was born in America in the mid-1960s and slowl y adopted city-by-city across the land. Generations later, the idea of preservation is much more ingrained in society and now reaches beyond commercial properties changing use. The idea philosophy moved into residential architecture when old wooden homes would be transformed into country inns and restaurants. Rationale for Reusing Old Buildings A natural inclination of builders and developers is to create a functional space at a reasonable cost. Often, the cost of rehabilitation and restoration is more than demolition and building new. Then why even think about adaptive reuse? Here are some reasons: Materials. Seasoned building materials are not even available in todays world. Close-grained, first-growth lumber is naturally stronger and more rich looking than todays timbers. Does vinyl siding have the strength and quality of old brick?Sustainability. The process of adaptive reuse is inherently green. The construction materials are already produced and transported onto the site.Culture. Architecture is history. Architecture is memory. Beyond Historic Preservation Any building that has been through the process of being named historic is usually legally protected from demolition, although laws change locally and from state to state. The Secretary of the Interior provides guidelines and standards for the protection of these historic structures, falling into four treatment categories: Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, and Reconstruction. All historic buildings do not have to be adapted for reuse but, more importantly, a building does not have to be designated as historic for it to be rehabilitated and adapted for reuse. Adaptive reuse is a philosophical decision of rehabilitation and not a government mandate. Rehabilitation is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values. Examples of Adaptive Reuse One of the most high-profile examples of adaptive reuse is in London, England. The Gallery of Modern Art for the Tate Museum, or Tate Modern, was once the Bankside Power Station. It was redesigned by the Pritzker Prize-winning architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron. Likewise, in the U.S. Heckendorn Shiles Architects converted the Ambler Boiler House, a power-generating station in Pennsylvania, into a modern office building. Mills and factories throughout New England, most notably in Lowell, Massachusetts, are being turned into housing complexes. Architecture firms such as  Ganek Architects, Inc. have become specialists in adapting these buildings for reuse. Other factories, like  Arnold Print Works (1860–1942) in Western Massachusetts, have been transformed into open-space museums like Londons Tate Modern. Spaces like the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MassMoCA) in the little town of North Adams seem wonderfully out of place but are not to be missed. The performance and design studios at National Sawdust in Brooklyn, New York, were created within an old sawmill. The Refinery, a luxury hotel in NYC, used to be a Garment District millinery. Capital Rep, a 286-seat theater in Albany, New York, used to be a downtown Grand Cash Market supermarket. The James A. Farley Post Office in New York City is the new Pennsylvania Station, a major train station hub. Manufacturers Hanover Trust, a 1954 bank designed by Gordon Bunshaft, is now chic New York City retail space. Local 111, a 39-seat chef-owned restaurant in the upper Hudson Valley, used to be a gas station in the small town of Philmont, New York. Adaptive reuse has become more than a preservation movement. It has become a way to save memories and a way to save the planet. The 1913 Industrial Arts Building in Lincoln, Nebraska held state fair memories in the minds of locals when it was slated for demolition. A hearty group of involved local citizens attempted to convince new owners to repurpose the building. That battle was lost, but at least the outer structure was saved, in what is called faà §adism. The will to reuse may have begun as a movement based on emotion, but now the concept is considered the standard operating procedure. Schools like the University of Washington in Seattle have included programs like the Center for Preservation and Adaptive Reuse into their College of Built Environments curriculum. Adaptive reuse is a process based on a philosophy that has not only become a field of study, but also a firms expertise. Check out working for or doing business with architecture firms who specialize in repurposing exis ting architecture. Sources Adaptive Reuse: Preserving our past, building our future, http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/adaptive-reuse, Commonwealth of Australia, 2004, p. 3 (PDF) [accessed September 11, 2015]Rehabilitation as a Treatment, U.S. Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/four-treatments/treatment-rehabilitation.htm